Emuva eminyakeni engama-700 ngaphambi kokuthi iSweden ikhiphe imali engamaphepha yokuqala yaseYurophu ngo-1661, iChina yayiqale ukufunda ukuthi yehlisa kanjani umthwalo wabantu abaphethe izinhlamvu zemali zethusi. Lezi zinhlamvu zemali zenza impilo ibe nzima: inzima futhi yenza ukuhamba kube yingozi. Kamuva, abathengisi banquma ukufaka lezi zinhlamvu komunye nomunye bese bekhipha izitifiketi zamaphepha ngokuya ngenani lalezo zinhlamvu.
Ukukhishwa kwangasese kubangele ukwanda kwamandla emali kanye nokwehliswa kwemali: uhulumeni walandela futhi wakhipha ama-banknotnot akhe asekelwa yigolide, okwenza kwaba ithenda lokuqala elisemthethweni emhlabeni.
Emakhulwini ambalwa edlule, amazwe aqala ukusebenzisa “igolide ejwayelekile”, esebenzisa izinto ezifana negolide nesiliva ukwenza izinhlamvu zemali zesisindo esithile. Futhi imele inani elithile kuze kube yilapho uhlamvu lwemali luphazanyiswa, okuholela ekukhuleni kwezimali ezimele.
Amabhange akhipha "amabhondi egolide", okungukuthi, imali engamaphepha enenani lobuso elingu-US $ 50 ingashintshaniswa nge-US $ 50 ngegolide.
Ngo-1944, uhlelo lweBretton Woods lwathatha isinqumo sokuthi amazwe angama-44 ayehambele lo mhlangano azogcina izimali zawo zikhonjiswe kwiDola laseMelika ngoba idola laseMelika lisekelwa izinqolobane zegolide. Lokhu empeleni kusho ukuthi idola laseMelika lingaguqulwa libe yigolide nganoma yisiphi isikhathi.
Lokhu empeleni kusho ukuthi idola laseMelika lingaguqulwa libe yigolide nganoma yisiphi isikhathi.
Umphumela muhle, kepha ubude besikhathi abude. Ukukhula kwezikweletu zomphakathi, ukwehla kwamandla emali, kanye nokukhula okungekuhle ebhalansi yezinkokhelo kusho ukuthi idola laseMelika lingaphansi kwengcindezi enkulu. Ngokuphendula, amanye amazwe aseYurophu aze ahoxa ohlelweni futhi ashintshanisa amadola aseMelika ngegolide. Ngaleso sikhathi, izinqolobane zabo zaziqukethe amadola amaningi kunegolide.
Ngo-1971, owayenguMongameli waseMelika uRichard Nixon wavala iwindi legolide wasiguqula lesi simo. Ohulumeni bamazwe bangaphandle banamadola amaningi kakhulu, kanti iMelika ijwayele ukusweleka kwegolide. Bekanye nabanye abacebisi abayi-15, bamemezele uhlelo olusha lwezomnotho lokugwema ukwehla kwamandla emali, ukunciphisa ukungasebenzi, nokuguqula amadola aseMelika abe yithenda elisemthethweni, elithembele kakhulu kwimvume yabasebenzisi bemali hhayi kwempahla namazinga.
Ngakho-ke, ithemba ukuthi ngabe wonke amaqembu azoyamukela yini imali yakho, esekwe ngokuphelele okholweni.
Kuyafana nakweBitcoin, le cryptocurrency yake yathola irekhodi eliphakeme lama- $ 19,783.06. Yini enikeza inani leBitcoin? Isimangalo sokuthi kutholakala ngokunikezwa nangesidingo akubonakali sihlanganisa zonke izimo. Ayinasisekelo futhi ayilawulwa muntu.
Okungenani, ungathembela ku-ejensi yokuphathwa kwezomthetho ukugcina inani lemali.
I-Bitcoin inezici zemali yezomthetho. Kodwa-ke, ngombono wokubusa, akekho "ophethe" i-Bitcoin. Kubonakala kusebenza ngendlela efanayo nemali ye-fiat, kepha uhlelo lokuphila olwehluke ngokuphelele lwenza osomnotho kanye nochwepheshe bezezimali bacabange: ubani obeka intengo yalo?

Okubonayo kungu-5 wezigidi zemigqa yekhodi ku-Bitcoin. I-Bitcoin ekuqaleni yayiyimigqa eyizinkulungwane ezimbalwa nje yekhodi, eyakhiwa nguSatoshi Nakamoto ngo-2008 futhi yakhishwa ekuqaleni kuka-2009. Ephepheni elimhlophe elidumile elithi "Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System" (i-bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer I-Electronic Cash System), umqondo weBitcoin uyachazwa.
Umbono wakhe wasekuqaleni kwakungukudala uhlobo lwemali olungadingi ukudlula ezikhungweni zezezimali ngoba lubhalwe ngemfihlo.
Into emisha kakhulu ukusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe be-blockchain. Ibhulokhi ngayinye imele ukuthengiselana kwinethiwekhi yeBitcoin-amabhlogo amaningi, ukuthengiselana kuzohlala isikhathi eside. Ngakho-ke, yakha "uchungechunge", yingakho igama layo.
Ukuze benze ibhulokhi, abavukuzi kudingeka basebenzise amandla okucubungula ikhompyutha kanye nenani elikhulu likagesi ukuqinisekisa ukuthi kukhona ukuthengiselana kwenani le-X kanye nesikhathi se-Y phakathi kuka-A no-B. Uma kuqinisekiswa, ibhulokhi iyavela bese kuthi okwenziwayo kudlule . Abavukuzi bathola iBitcoin njengomvuzo.
Kodwa-ke, le mali yedijithali ayinayo i-value yangaphakathi-ayikwazi ukusetshenziswa njengempahla. Abantu abangabazayo iBitcoin bavame ukuthi ukuze iBitcoin isinde, kufanele kuqala yamukelwe futhi isetshenziselwe ezinye izinto. Kancane kancane, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, kuzoba yimali. Isibonelo, ngoba igolide lisetshenziselwa ubucwebe nemikhiqizo ye-elekthronikhi, abantu bayazigodlela ukuze balondoloze ukubaluleka kwalo.
Emsebenzini ofinyelela kude owenziwa isazi sezomnotho sase-Austria uCarl Menger, waqala ukuchaza imali ngokuthi “iqiniso lokuthi izimpahla ezithile seziyindlela yokushintshanisa eyamukelwa ngokuvamile.” Ngokwesisekelo sikaMenger, uLudwig von Mises, naye futhi oyisazi sezomnotho, uhlukanisa imali yemikhiqizo njengemali “nayo ethengiswayo.” Ithenda yezomthetho yimali eyenziwe "ngezinto ezineziqu ezikhethekile zomthetho".
“… Uhlobo lwemali uma kuqhathaniswa nemali, kufaka phakathi izinto ezineziqu ezikhethekile zomthetho…” -Ludwig von Mises Theory of Money and Credit
Umqondo wokubaluleka kwangaphakathi ugxilile kubantu, futhi no-Aristotle wake wabhala ukuthi kungani imali idinga inani elingaphakathi. Empeleni, noma ngabe iyimalini, inani layo kufanele livele ekusizeni kwalo. Njengoba umlando ufakazela ukuthi akukho lutho oludinga inani lezimpahla ukuze lube yimali, impikiswano ka-Aristotle ayinakubekezelelwa.
Ezingxenyeni ezithile ze-Afrika neNyakatho Melika, ubuhlalu beglasi busetshenziswa njengemali, yize kukhombisile ukuthi akusebenzi kangako njengezimpahla. Abantu baseYap ePacific basebenzisa i-limestone njengemali.
Abantu abangabazayo iBitcoin bavame ukusebenzisa izimpikiswano zenani elingaphakathi ukugxeka ukusebenza kweBitcoin. Ngeshwa, i-Bitcoin iyinto ekhona yedijithali, ngakho-ke ayikhululekile emaketangeni omhlaba wangempela. Akudingi ukuba nenani elingaphakathi njengegolide, futhi akudingeki ukuthi linikezwe amalungelo akhethekile abanye ukuze bayenze ithenda elisemthethweni. Yize lokhu kungabonakala njengencazelo-iBitcoin iyinhlangano entsha sha engaphansi kwemithetho yabantu - kepha ayinayo nencazelo ephelele.
Cabanga ngale ndlela: Izimali ze-Bitcoin ne-fiat ziyizinhlelo zezemvelo ezahlukahlukene.
Imali yakwa Fiat ingeyomhlaba ophathekayo, oletha eminye imikhawulo yemali. Amandla ngawalabo abalawula imali, futhi ibhange eliphakathi lingahlala liphrinta imali eningi ukukhuthaza ukwehla kwamandla emali nokusakazwa kwayo. Kodwa-ke, akekho ongakutshela kahle ukuthi mangaki amadola abonakalayo agelezayo emhlabeni.
Ukunikezwa kwegolide kunqunyelwe, kepha kuzothinteka ngokunyuka kwamandla emali. Uma othile ethola inani elikhulu legolide ngaphandle kokunikezwa kwamanje, ubunikazi bungahlanjululwa ngokuphelele. Ukuqamba kwezinto zesayensi nakho kunganciphisa isidingo sokusebenzisa igolide kwimikhiqizo ye-elekthronikhi neyomthengi.
Uhlobo lwedijithali lweBitcoin ludinga isisekelo esisha sethiyori. Sekuyisikhathi eside abomnotho bakuqonda ukulinganiselwa kwezinsimbi eziyigugu nezimali ze-fiat. Ngakho-ke, ukwethulwa kweBitcoin kwazala isethi entsha yemithetho, abantu abaningi abayibiza ngokuthi "i-upstart ecosystem ecosystem".
Inkinga ukuthi, njengoba abakhulumi beBitcoin bekutshelile, imali yezomthetho kanye nemvelo ye-cryptocurrency ayikwazi ukuhlala ndawonye. Njengoba lingekho inani elingaphakathi njengethuluzi lezezimali, umkhiqizo wokutshalwa kwezimali noma izibambiso, ukubheja okukhulu kakhulu ukwenza iBitcoin ibe yimali yomhlaba.
Namuhla, ukuhlinzekwa kwemali yomhlaba (M1) kungu-7.6 trillion waseMelika. Uma ufaka imali yesheke, amabhondi wesikhashana, imali yesikhathi nezinye izinsimbi zezezimali, izofinyelela kuma- $ 90 trillion. Ukuze ibe yimali yomhlaba, iBitcoin idinga okungenani ibe nenani lemali enikezwa umhlaba wonke - kepha lokhu akunjalo, ngoba inani lemakethe leBitcoin liyi- $ 130 billion kuphela ngesikhathi sokubhala.
Kodwa-ke, isikweletu esizimele esikhula ngokushesha kanye nesikweletu sangaphandle kungashukumisela abatshalizimali ukuthi baqale ukufuna ithuluzi lokuqinisa kabusha le-reflation okulula ukulithola futhi elingena esikhundleni segolide. Lokhu kungakhuthaza ukulinganiswa kweBitcoin ngoba inomsebenzi wesitolo senani. Ukuze kuliwe nokunyuka kwamandla emali, abantu abaningi banelisekile ukubamba amadola, ama-euro noma ama-yen kwizikhundla zabo-ama-Argentina nabaseVenezuela benza lokhu, babamba amadola azinzile.
Lokhu kungaletha inzuzo ebonakalayo kuyo: I-Bitcoin ingasetshenziswa njengesitolo senani.
Sikubona njengokuyigugu. Uma kunjalo, iBitcoin empeleni iyimali elwa nokwehla kwamandla emali. Ukuze kukhuthazwe ukukhula kwenethiwekhi, njalo lapho kwenziwa ibhulokhi entsha ku-blockchain, kuzokwenziwa ama-bitcoins amasha angama-50. Ngemuva kwazo zonke izikwele ezingama-210,000, umvuzo uzoncishiswa (manje uzuza u-12.5 ngesikwele ngasinye, futhi uzoncishiselwa ku-6.25 ngoMeyi 14, 2020). Kuhambisana nokusweleka okukhona kanye nenani lokuphakelwa kwamaBitcoins ayizigidi ezingama-21, akumangalisi ukuthi abantu nezikhungo zezezimali bangaphatha iBitcoin njengemali enzima (eyaziwa nangokuthi yimali ephephile).
Lokhu kusho ukuthi inqubomgomo yezimali yangaphakathi iqhuba amandla okuthenga weBitcoin - kepha yini enquma inani layo?
Uma ubheka isikole esidala sezomnotho, uzothola ukuthi intengo yeBitcoin inqunywa ngezindleko zayo zokukhiqiza. Lokhu kusho i-hardware nogesi. Njengoba iBitcoin iqhubeka nokuhlupheka ngenxa yokwehla kwamandla emali, inani labavukuzi lizokwehla kancane kancane ngenxa yezindleko eziphakeme zezimayini. Yize kunjalo, kusekhona abanye abavukuzi abazimisele ukuthengisa i-bitcoin ngokulahleka, okungakhombisa ukuthi othile uvimba ukukhuphuka kwe-bitcoin ngokuzayo: intengo ayixhomeki ngokuphelele ezindlekweni zokukhiqiza, yize kuyisici.
Isikole sezomnotho se-neoclassical sandile kulo mbono futhi sangeza enye into yenhloso: ukunikezela nokufunwa. Njengoba ukunikezwa kwe-bitcoin kufakiwe, inani lama-bitcoins amaminerali azophinde anciphise ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ngakho-ke isidingo sama-bitcoins amaningi singakhuphuka. Ukufunwa okuningi kulingana namanani aphezulu.
Ukuncika kuphela ezintweni ezibukekayo kubonakala kungakwazi ukudweba isithombe sonke. Uma izindleko zokukhiqiza ziyisizathu esiyinhloko, khona-ke inani le-Bitcoin kufanele lisondele ekunikezelweni kwemali ebanzi yase-US (M3).
Ngaphandle kwalokhu, abavukuzi basalahlekile, yize kunezindleko eziphakeme zokumba iBitcoin.
Uma ibhalansi yokufunwa nokunikezwa kubalulekile, khona-ke ukuphahlazeka okucacile, okuhloliwe kokunikezwa kweBitcoin kufanele kunqume ukufunwa okuzinzile. Kodwa-ke, iBitcoin isathambekele ekushushisweni ngokweqile futhi ingahle iwele futhi ikhuphuke ngosuku olufanayo.
Ukufaka isikole sase-Austrian sezomnotho, abalandeli beBitcoin basithanda kakhulu lesi sikole. Izazi zezomnotho zase-Austrian zikholelwa ukuthi intengo yanoma yini inqunywa yizinto ezizimele, kufaka phakathi nezindleko zokukhiqiza. Ukuthengisela nokufunwa kunqunywa ngokuthandwa nguwe. Ngakho-ke, ingachaza inani leBitcoin-inani elibonakalayo nezici ezizenzakalelayo zingaba yizinto ezibaluleke kakhulu.
Kungabonakala ukuthi ayikho incazelo ecacile yokuthi kungani i-cryptocurrency (noma nemali) ibalulekile. Kulokhu, intengo yeBitcoin ibonakala iqhutshwa ngamamodeli akudala ezomnotho, imizwa yezimakethe nenqubomgomo yezimali yangaphakathi.
Kodwa-ke, noma ngabe iyiphi inkolelo yezomnotho abantu abayamukelayo, i-cryptocurrency isazoletha inguquko kwezezimali. Uma ingaguqukela kolunye uhlobo lwemali yomhlaba, i-ecosystem yomhlaba yezezimali izoguqulwa (noma yinhle noma imbi, asazi).
Ekugcineni, iBitcoin yiphedi yokuqalisa yezivivinyo zezezimali. Kusuka ku-2016 kuya ku-2017, ubuchwepheshe be-blockchain buholele ekuchumeni kwe-cryptocurrency futhi baletha umhlaba omusha ngokuphelele we-blockchain innovation. Namuhla, sizosebenzisa umqondo wezikhonkwane zempahla bese sigcina amabhange ukufunda ama-cryptocurrensets azinzile angagcina intengo yedola elilodwa.
Esikhundleni sokuphatha i-Bitcoin njengemali, kungcono ukuyiphatha njengohlelo lokukhokha.
Ngakho-ke, inani langempela leBitcoin lilele kunethiwekhi yalo. Lapho abantu abaningi behileleka, kuba ngcono. Empeleni, lokhu kusho ukuthi inani leBitcoin lincike ekutheni ngubani ongumnikazi. Kulezi zinsuku, ngokuthandwa kweBitcoin (hhayi ukusetshenziswa kwansuku zonke, kepha ukutshala imali nokuhweba), abantu abaningi ngokwengeziwe baqala ukunaka lobu buchwepheshe obusha. Lokhu kusho ukusatshalaliswa okwengeziwe.
Kodwa-ke, ukuze i-Bitcoin isebenze ngokweqiniso njengoba bekulindelekile, idinga ukuqeda abavukuzi namachibi ezimayini ngokushintshela ohlelweni lokufakazela isigxobo (PoS). Uhlelo lokuqinisekisa umsebenzi lweBitcoin lwenza ukuthengiselana kubize kakhulu-abavukuzi basebenzise izigidi zamaRandi ukuqinisekisa ukuthengiselana kweBitcoin kunethiwekhi nogesi namandla wokucubungula amakhompyutha aluhlaza. Ngohlelo lwe-PoS, iBitcoin izobaluleka ngenxa yenethiwekhi yayo. Iningi lababambiqhaza lizoyeka ingxenye yokubamba kwabo ukuvumela inethiwekhi ukuthi ikhule, ngaleyo ndlela kwandiswe ukubamba kwabo ngokulingana.
Kuzwakala kulula, kepha ama-bitcoins amaningi namuhla agaywa ngabavukuzi baseChina. Uma ingathatha indawo (ngokwesibonelo) yokunikezwa kwemali ebanzi yase-US, kungani uhulumeni wase-US esebenzisa imali yomhlaba ephethwe ngabavukuzi abaphikisana namandla?
Uma amandla amakhulu engafuni, kungani kulandelwa izingqungquthela ezincane? Umgomo wemali womhlaba wonke ungabonakala njengephupho lepayipi, kepha ekugcineni, ukuthi iBitcoin ingasebenza izoncika ekutheni uyizwa kubani, njengokuthi ithola kuphi inani layo.